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2023年高考数学新高考Ⅰ-17

  2023-07-08 11:03:07  

(10分)已知在$\Delta ABC$中,$A+B=3C$,$2\sin (A-C)=\sin B$.
(1)求$\sin A$;
(2)设$AB=5$,求$AB$边上的高.
答案:(1)$\dfrac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}$;(2)6.
分析:(1)由三角形内角和可得$C=\dfrac{\pi }{4}$,由$2\sin (A-C)=\sin B$,可得$2\sin (A-C)=\sin (A+C)$,再利用两角和与差的三角函数公式化简可得$\sin A=3\cos A$,再结合平方关系即可求出$\sin A$;
(2)由$\sin B=\sin (A+C)$求出$\sin B$,再利用正弦定理求出$AC$,$BC$,由等面积法即可求出$AB$边上的高.
解:(1)$\because A+B=3C$,$A+B+C=\pi$,
$\therefore 4C=\pi$,
$\therefore C=\dfrac{\pi }{4}$,
$\because 2\sin (A-C)=\sin B$,
$\therefore 2\sin (A-C)=\sin [\pi -(A+C)]=\sin (A+C)$,
$\therefore 2\sin A\cos C-2\cos A\sin C=\sin A\cos C+\cos A\sin C$,
$\therefore \sin A\cos C=3\cos A\sin C$,
$\therefore$$\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin A=3\times \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos A$,
$\therefore \sin A=3\cos A$,即$\cos A=\dfrac{1}{3}\sin A$,
又$\because \sin ^{2}A+\cos ^{2}A=1$,$\therefore$$si{n}^{2}A+\dfrac{1}{9}si{n}^{2}A=1$,
解得$\sin ^{2}A=\dfrac{9}{10}$,
又$\because A\in (0,\pi )$,$\therefore \sin A > 0$,
$\therefore \sin A=\dfrac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}$;
(2)由(1)可知$\sin A=\dfrac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}$,$\cos A=\dfrac{1}{3}\sin A=\dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{10}$,
$\therefore \sin B=\sin (A+C)=\sin A\cos C+\cos A\sin C=\dfrac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}\times \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}+\dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{10}\times \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=\dfrac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}$,
$\therefore$$\dfrac{AB}{\sin C}=\dfrac{AC}{\sin B}=\dfrac{BC}{\sin A}=\dfrac{5}{\sin \dfrac{\pi }{4}}=5\sqrt{2}$,
$\therefore AC=5\sqrt{2}\sin B=5\sqrt{2}\times \dfrac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}=2\sqrt{10}$,$BC=5\sqrt{2}\times \sin A=5\sqrt{2}\times \dfrac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}=3\sqrt{5}$,
设$AB$边上的高为$h$,
则$\dfrac{1}{2}AB\cdot h=\dfrac{1}{2}\times AC\times BC\times \sin C$,
$\therefore$$\dfrac{5}{2}h=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 2\sqrt{10}\times 3\sqrt{5}\times \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$,
解得$h=6$,
即$AB$边上的高为6.
点评:本题主要考查了两角和与差的三角函数公式,考查了正弦定理和余弦定理的应用,属于中档题.
 

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