2024年高考数学甲卷-理21 |
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2024-08-27 17:10:18 |
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(12分)已知椭圆$C:\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}=1(a > b > 0)$的右焦点为$F$,点$M(1,\dfrac{3}{2})$在椭圆$C$上,且$MF\bot x$轴. (1)求椭圆$C$的方程; (2)$P(4,0)$,过$P$的直线与椭圆$C$交于$A$,$B$两点,$N$为$FP$的中点,直线$NB$与$MF$交于$Q$,证明:$AQ\bot y$轴. 分析:(1)根据已知条件,结合椭圆的定义,以及勾股定理,求出$a$,再结合椭圆的性质,求出$b$,即可求解; (2)结合向量的坐标运算,推得$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda {x}_{2}=4+4\lambda -{x}_{1}}\\ {\lambda {y}_{2}=-{y}_{1}}\end{array}\right.$,再结合点$A$,$B$两点位于椭圆上,求出等式,再结合直线$NB$与$MF$交于$Q$,即可求解. 解:(1)设椭圆$C$的左焦点为$F_{1}$, 点$M(1,\dfrac{3}{2})$在椭圆$C$上,且$MF\bot x$轴, 则$\vert F_{1}F\vert =2$,$\vert MF\vert =\dfrac{3}{2}$, 由勾股定理可知,$\vert M{F}_{1}\vert =\dfrac{5}{2}$, 故$2a=\vert MF_{1}\vert +\vert MF\vert =4$,解得$a^{2}=4$,$b^{2}=a^{2}-1=3$, 故椭圆$C$的方程为$\dfrac{x^2}{4}+\dfrac{y^2}{3}=1$; (2)证明:设$A(x_{1}$,$y_{1})$,$B(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$, $\overrightarrow{AP}=\lambda \overrightarrow{PB}$, 则$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dfrac{{x}_{1}+\lambda {x}_{2}}{1+\lambda }=4}\\ {\dfrac{{y}_{1}+\lambda {y}_{2}}{1+\lambda }=0}\end{array}\right.$,即$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda {x}_{2}=4+4\lambda -{x}_{1}}\\ {\lambda {y}_{2}=-{y}_{1}}\end{array}\right.$①, 又由$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{3{x}_{1}^{2}+4{y}_{1}^{2}=12}\\ {3(\lambda {x}_{2})^{2}+4(\lambda {y}_{2})^{2}=12{\lambda }^{2}}\end{array}\right.$可得$3\cdot \dfrac{x_1+\lambda x_2}{1+\lambda }\cdot \dfrac{x_1-\lambda x_2}{1-\lambda }+4\dfrac{y_1+\lambda y_2}{1+\lambda }\cdot \dfrac{y_1-\lambda y_2}{1-\lambda }=12$②, 结合①②可得,$5\lambda -2\lambda x_{2}+3=0$, $P(4,0)$,$F(1,0)$,$N(\dfrac{5}{2},0)$,$B(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$, 则直线$NB$的方程为$y-0=\dfrac{{y}_{2}}{{x}_{2}-\dfrac{5}{2}}(x-\dfrac{5}{2})$, $MF\bot x$轴,直线$NB$与$MF$交于$Q$, 则$x_{Q}=1$, 故$y_Q=\dfrac{3y_2}{5-2x_2}=\dfrac{3\lambda y_2}{5\lambda -2\lambda x_2}=-\lambda y_2=y_1$, 故$AQ\bot y$轴. 点评:本题主要考查直线与椭圆的综合,考查转化能力,属于难题.
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