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2023年高考数学甲卷-理20

  2023-07-08 11:29:07  

(12分)设抛物线$C:y^{2}=2px(p > 0)$,直线$x-2y+1=0$与$C$交于$A$,$B$两点,且$\vert AB\vert =4\sqrt{15}$.
(1)求$p$的值;
(2)$F$为$y^{2}=2px$的焦点,$M$,$N$为抛物线上的两点,且$\overrightarrow{MF}\cdot \overrightarrow{NF}=0$,求$\Delta MNF$面积的最小值.
答案:(1)$p=2$;
(2)$12-8\sqrt{2}$.
分析:(1)利用直线与抛物线的位置关系,联立直线和抛物线方程求出弦长即可得出$p$;
(2)设直线$MN:x=my+n$,$M(x_{1}$,$y_{1})$,$N(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$,利用$\overrightarrow{MF}\cdot \overrightarrow{NF}=0$,找到$m$,$n$的关系,以及$\Delta MNF$的面积表达式,再结合函数的性质即可求出其最小值.
解:设$A(x_{1}$,$y_{1})$,$B(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$,联立$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x-2y+1=0}\\ {{y}^{2}=2px(p > 0)}\end{array}\right.$,
消去$x$得:$y^{2}-4py+2p=0$,
$\therefore y_{1}+y_{2}=4p$,$y_{1}y_{2}=2p$,△$=16p^{2}-8p > 0$,
$\therefore p(2p-1) > 0$,$\therefore p > \dfrac{1}{2}$,
$\vert AB\vert =\sqrt{1+4}\vert y_{1}-y_{2}\vert =\sqrt{5}\sqrt{({y}_{1}+{y}_{2})^{2}-4{y}_{1}{y}_{2}}=4\sqrt{15}$,
$\therefore 16p^{2}-8p=48$,$\therefore 2p^{2}-p-6=0$,$\therefore (2p+3)(p-2)=0$,
$\therefore p=2$;
(2)由(1)知$y^{2}=4x$,所以$F(1,0)$,显然直线$MN$的斜率不可能为零,
设直线$MN:x=my+n$,$M(x_{1}$,$y_{1})$,$N(x_{2}$,$y_{2})$,
由$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{{y}^{2}=4x}\\ {x=my+n}\end{array}\right.$,可得$y^{2}-4my-4n=0$,所以$y_{1}+y_{2}=4m$,$y_{1}y_{2}=-4n$,
△$=16m^{2}+16n > 0\rightarrow m^{2}+n > 0$,
因为$\overrightarrow{MF}\cdot \overrightarrow{NF}=0$,所以$(x_{1}-1)(x_{2}-1)+y_{1}y_{2}=0$,
即$(my_{1}+n-1)(my_{2}+n-1)+y_{1}y_{2}=0$,即$(m^2+1)y_1y_2+m(n-1)(y_1+y_2)+(n-1)^2=0$,
将$y_{1}+y_{2}=4m$,$y_{2}=-4n$,代入得$4m^{2}=n^{2}-6n+1$,
$\therefore 4(m^{2}+n)=(n-1)^{2} > 0$,所以$n\ne 1$,且$n^{2}-6n+1\geqslant 0$,解得$n\geqslant 3+2\sqrt{2}$或$n\leqslant 3-2\sqrt{2}$.
设点$F$到直线$MN$的距离为$d$,所以$d=\dfrac{\vert n-1\vert }{\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}}$,
$\vert MN\vert =\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}\vert y_{1}-y_{2}\vert =\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}\sqrt{({y}_{1}+{y}_{2})^{2}-4{y}_{1}{y}_{2}}=\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}\sqrt{16{m}^{2}+16n}$
$=\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}\sqrt{4({n}^{2}-6n+1)+16n}=2\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}\vert n-1\vert$,
所以$\Delta MNF$的面积$S=\dfrac{1}{2}\vert MN\vert \times d=\dfrac{1}{2}\times \dfrac{\vert n-1\vert }{\sqrt{{m}^{2}+1}}\times 2\sqrt{1+{m}^{2}}\vert n-1\vert$,
又$n\geqslant 3+2\sqrt{2}$或$n\leqslant 3-2\sqrt{2}$,所以当$n=3-2\sqrt{2}$时,$\Delta MNF$的面积$S_{min}=(2-2\sqrt{2})^{2}=12-8\sqrt{2}$.
点评:本题考查直线与抛物线的位置关系,考查向量的应用,考查三角形的问题的最值问题,考查方程思想,属难题.

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