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2023年高考数学甲卷-理17

  2023-07-08 11:28:12  

(12分)已知数列$\{a_{n}\}$中,$a_{2}=1$,设$S_{n}$为$\{a_{n}\}$前$n$项和,$2S_{n}=na_{n}$.
(1)求$\{a_{n}\}$的通项公式;
(2)求数列$\{\dfrac{{a}_{n}+1}{{2}^{n}}\}$的前$n$项和$T_{n}$.
答案:(1)$\{a_{n}\}$的通项公式为$a_{n}=n-1$;
(2)$T_{n}=2-\dfrac{n+2}{{2}^{n}}$.
分析:(1)求得$a_{1}=0$,进而可得当$n\geqslant 3$时,可得$\dfrac{{a}_{n}}{{a}_{n-1}}=\dfrac{n-1}{n-2}$,由累乘法可求$\{a_{n}\}$的通项公式;
(2)$\dfrac{{a}_{n}+1}{{2}^{n}}=\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n}}$,利用错位相减法可求数列$\{\dfrac{{a}_{n}+1}{{2}^{n}}\}$的前$n$项和$T_{n}$.
解:(1)当$n=1$时,$2S_{1}=a_{1}$,解得$a_{1}=0$,
当$n\geqslant 2$时,$2S_{n-1}=(n-1)a_{n-1}$,
$\therefore 2a_{n}=na_{n}-(n-1)a_{n-1}$,$\therefore (n-1)a_{n-1}=(n-2)a_{n}$,
当$n\geqslant 3$时,可得$\dfrac{{a}_{n}}{{a}_{n-1}}=\dfrac{n-1}{n-2}$,
$\therefore a_{n}=\dfrac{2}{1}\times \dfrac{3}{2}\times \dfrac{4}{3}\times \dotsb \times \dfrac{n-1}{n-2}\times a_{2}=n-1$,
当$n=2$或$n=1$时,$a_{1}=0$,$a_{2}=1$适合上式,
$\therefore \{a_{n}\}$的通项公式为$a_{n}=n-1$;
(2)由(1)可得$\dfrac{{a}_{n}+1}{{2}^{n}}=\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n}}$,
$\therefore T_{n}=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{2}{{2}^{2}}+\dfrac{3}{{2}^{3}}+\dotsb +\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n}}$,$\therefore$$\dfrac{1}{2}T_{n}=\dfrac{1}{{2}^{2}}+\dfrac{2}{{2}^{3}}+\dfrac{3}{{2}^{4}}+\dotsb +\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n+1}}$,
$\therefore$$\dfrac{1}{2}T_{n}=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{{2}^{2}}+\dfrac{1}{{2}^{3}}+\dotsb +\dfrac{1}{{2}^{n}}-\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n+1}}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}(1-\dfrac{1}{{2}^{n}})}{1-\dfrac{1}{2}}-\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n+1}}=1-\dfrac{1}{{2}^{n}}-\dfrac{n}{{2}^{n+1}}$,
$\therefore T_{n}=2-\dfrac{n+2}{{2}^{n}}$.
点评:本题考查求数列的通项公式,考查数列的前$n$项的和的求法,属中档题.

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