2022年高考数学天津17 |
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2022-12-16 20:38:08 |
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(15分)直三棱柱$ABC-A_{1}B_{1}C_{1}$中,$AA_{1}=AB=AC=2$,$AA_{1}\bot AB$,$AC\bot AB$,$D$为$A_{1}B_{1}$中点,$E$为$AA_{1}$中点,$F$为$CD$中点. (1)求证:$EF//$平面$ABC$; (2)求直线$BE$与平面$CC_{1}D$的正弦值; (3)求平面$A_{1}CD$与平面$CC_{1}D$夹角的余弦值.
分析:利用中位线可证(1),建立空间直角坐标系设$\overrightarrow{n}=(x$,$y$,$z)$是平面$CC_{1}D$的法向量,平面$A_{1}CD$的法向量为$\overrightarrow{m}=(x$,$y$,$z)$,可解. 解:(1)证明:取$BB_{1}$的中点$G$,连接$FG$,$EG$,连接$AD$交$EG$于$K$, 再连接$FK$, $\because EK//A_{1}B_{1}$,且$E$是$AA_{1}$的中点,则$K$是$AD$的中点, $\therefore FK//AC$,$EG//AB$, 又$FK\not\subset$平面$ABC$,$AC\subset$平面$ABC$, $\therefore FK//$平面$ABC$, 同理可得,$EG//$平面$ABC$, 又$FK\bigcap EG=K$, $\therefore$平面$EFG//$平面$ABC$, $\therefore EF//$平面$ABC$, (2)在直三棱柱$ABC-A_{1}B_{1}C_{1}$中,$AC\bot AB$,则可建立如图所示的空间直角坐标系,
又$AA_{1}=AB=AC=2$,$D$为$A_{1}B_{1}$中点,$E$为$AA_{1}$中点,$F$为$CD$中点. 故$B(2$,2,$0)$,$E(1$,0,$0)$,$C(2$,0,$2)$,$C_{1}(0$,0,$2)$,$D(0$,1,$0)$, 则$\overrightarrow{BE}=(-1$,$-2$,$0)$,$\overrightarrow{C{C}_{1}}=(-2$,0,$0)$,$\overrightarrow{CD}=(-2$,1,$-2)$, 设$\overrightarrow{n}=(x$,$y$,$z)$是平面$CC_{1}D$的法向量,则有:$\overrightarrow{n}\cdot \overrightarrow{C{C}_{1}}=0$,$\overrightarrow{n}\cdot \overrightarrow{CD}=0$,即$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{-2x=0}\\ {-2x+y-2z=0}\end{array}\right.$,令$z=1$,则$x=0$,$y=2$, 所以$\overrightarrow{n}=(0,2,1)$, 设直线$BE$与平面$CC_{1}D$的夹角为$\theta$,则$\sin \theta =\vert \cos < \overrightarrow{BE},\overrightarrow{n} > \vert =\vert \dfrac{-2\times 2}{\sqrt{5}\times \sqrt{5}}\vert =\dfrac{4}{5}$, (3)$\because A_{1}(0$,0,$0)$,则$\overrightarrow{{A}_{1}C}=(2$,0,$2)$,$\overrightarrow{{A}_{1}D}=(0$,1,$0)$, 设平面$A_{1}CD$的法向量为$\overrightarrow{m}=(x$,$y$,$z)$,则有$\overrightarrow{m}\cdot \overrightarrow{{A}_{1}C}=0$,$\overrightarrow{m}\cdot \overrightarrow{{A}_{1}D}=0$, 即$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{2x+2z=0}\\ {y=0}\end{array}\right.$,令$x=1$,则$y=0$,$z=-1$,故$\overrightarrow{m}=(1,0,-1)$, 设平面$A_{1}CD$与平面$CC_{1}D$的夹角为$\beta$, 所以$\cos \beta =\vert \cos < \overrightarrow{n},\overrightarrow{m} > \vert =\vert \dfrac{-1\times 1}{\sqrt{5}\times \sqrt{2}}\vert =\dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{10}$. 点评:本题考查了利用空间向量求线面角以及二面角的大小,属于较难题.
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